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32-bit Fedora 9 Sun Java FireFox Plugin Installation

See this post (many thanks to the author: scott_glaser):

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64-bit Fedora 9 Sun Java FireFox Plugin Installation

DEPRECATED

(alternate title #1: How-to install Sun Java on 64-bit Fedora 9 so that signed applets will work)

(alternate title #2: How-to install 32-bit FireFox on 64-bit Fedora 9 so that so that Sun Java applet will run properly in FireFox)

The information presented here was taken from these posts (many thanks to the authors: scott_glaser & natousayni):

Problem:

OpenJDK is the free implementation of Sun's Java run-time environment.  The browser plugin used in Fedora 9, gcjwebplugin, does not yet support signed plugins.  From the Fedora Project Wiki: :
    Handling Java Applets

Upstream OpenJDK does not provide a plugin. The Fedora OpenJDK packages include an adaptation of gcjwebplugin, that runs untrusted applets safely in a Web browser. The plugin is packaged as java-1.6.0-openjdk-plugin.

Solution:

    * Add i386 Yum repository

        * create a new Yum configuration file:

        # gedit /etc/yum.repos.d/fedora-i386.repo

        * copy these settings into the new configuration file:

        [fedora-i386]
        name=Fedora $releasever - i386
        failovermethod=priority
        baseurl=http://download.fedora.redhat.com/pub/fedora/linux/releases/$releasever/Everything/i386/os/
        mirrorlist=http://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/mirrorlist?repo=fedora-$releasever&arch=i386
        enabled=1
        gpgcheck=1
        includepkgs=firefox
        gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-fedora
        #
        [updates-i386]
        name=Fedora $releasever - i386 - Updates
        failovermethod=priority
        baseurl=http://download.fedora.redhat.com/pub/fedora/linux/updates/$releasever/i386/
        mirrorlist=http://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/mirrorlist?repo=updates-released-f$releasever&arch=i386
        enabled=1
        gpgcheck=1
        includepkgs=firefox
        gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-fedora

    *  Remove the default Firefox (64-bit) installation

    # yum -y erase firefox.x86_64

    *  Install 32-bit Firefox

    # yum -y install firefox.i386

    # yum -y install libXtst.i386
Other how-tos state that you need to remove openjdk.  However, other programs on Fedora 9, like Eclipse, need the default Java.  You should not have to remove your default Java installation (java-1.6.0-openjdk java-1.0.6-openjdk-plugin) because you can use the alternatives command to select the version of Java you need (but you need to make sure you don't use the rpm version of Sun's Java install, because it changes the /usr/bin/java executable to not point to the "alternatives" command symbolic links ).
    # mkdir /usr/java

    # cd /usr/java   
    www.java.com/en/download
    (the .bin file NOT the rpm.bin - because the rpm changes the /usr/bin/java executable to not point to the "alternatives" command symbolic links).

    # chmod +x jre*
    # ./jre-6u7-linux-i586.bin

* for a particular user
    # cd /home/yourusername/.mozilla/plugins
    # ln-s /usr/java/jre-6u7-linux-i586/plugins/i386/ns7/libjavaplugin_oji.so 
* for all users:
    # cd /usr/lib/mozilla/plugins
    # ln-s /usr/java/jre-6u7-linux-i586/plugins/i386/ns7/libjavaplugin_oji.so 
- OR - 
(you can also use the alternatives command to set the plugin link - since FireFox is the only app that needs the Sun Java and it uses libjavaplugin.so rather than the libjavaplugin.so.x86_64 used by other programs (like Eclipse) on 64-bit Fedora 9).

    # /usr/sbin/alternatives --install /usr/lib/mozilla/plugins/libjavaplugin.so libjavaplugin.so /usr/java/jdk1.6.0_07/jre/plugin/i386/ns7/usr/java/libjavaplugin.so 2

    # /usr/sbin/alternatives --config libjavaplugin.so

  There is 1 program which provide 'libjavaplugin.so'.

  Selection    Command
-----------------------------------------------
*+ 1           /usr/java/jre1.6.0_07/plugin/i386/ns7/libjavaplugin_oji.so

Enter to keep the current selection[+], or type selection number: 1

 

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Acoustic Model training

CMU Sphinx:

Open-Source Large Vocabulary CSR Engine Julius:

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Audacity seems let me record at higher rates that my sound card supports

Audacity will let you change your Sample Rate and Bits per Sample to rates higher than what your Sound Card can support.  It will record at the highest rate your sound card supports, and then dynamically upsample the audio to the higher rate your selected - without providing any warnings that it did this.  This is NOT the approach you should take for any audio submitted to VoxForge.  The upsampling and later downsampling for use in Acoustic Models can introduce noise. 

Please check your audio card manual to determine the highest Sampling Rate it supports. If you don't have your manual (or lost it, or never received one ...) these other FAQ entries can help you determine your max sampling rate:

Windows: How to determine your audio card's, or USB mic's, maximum sampling rate

Linux: How to determine your audio card's, or USB mic's, maximum sampling rate

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Cloud based Speech Recognition

wami project (open source version, roll-your-own)

SpeechCloud (open source client)

 

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Editing Content with WebGUI

The main thing to remember when editing content, is that WebGUI creates a "version tag" that keeps track of all your edits (its default name is your username and current date).  To publish your changes so that everyone can see them, you need to "commit" your version tag.

To edit content you need to be in "admin" mode (click the "admin" link on top right hand corner of page - your account needs permission for this to show).  The Admin Console appears on the left hand side of your web page. 

To commit content click the "Version Tags" category in the Admin Console, select "commit my version".  When you click this, the content you edited will become visible to everyone.  No content changes are visible until you commit the version tag!


If you log out and log back in without committing the changes you've made, your changes will not be displayed, and the things you edited will be locked (the padlock icon appears).  You need to select the version tag that you created in your previous session to make it active.  To do this, click the "Version Tags" category in the Admin Console, and click your version tag.  

If you don't select your previous version tag, and start editing something, then WebGUI will automatically create a new version tag... this can get confusing, because your previous edits will still be "locked" under your old version tag.

The commit process is useful because you can edit multiple web pages (over a period of days) under a single version tag, and publish them all at once with a single commit. 

Note: when editing the Read page for your language, it is best to disable the VoxForge Speech Submission Java Applet.  Otherwise, your edits slow to a crawl as your browser attempts to refresh the entire page (including the applet) every time you make a change to a web object.


WebGUI has a tutorial (Primer PDFWebGUI-Primer.pdf) and also a sandbox (http://demo.plainblack.com).   Look up Page Layouts, Articles, Forums and Shortcuts.

Some Concepts/Definitions:

A "Page Layout" is container object.  Think of it as a directory or folder that displays its contents as a web page.  If you want to localize the VoxForge menu, change the menu property to your language. You can add text to a Page Layout, but it is best (easier to format) to only have text in Articles.

"Articles" are objects that contain your text.  You can have more than one article (or any other object) on the same Page Layout.  Just click edit on the article menu, and replace the given text with your translations.  Articles also have a menu property, but this is only used for setting secondary menus (which VoxForge does not use), not the main menu (set the menu property in the Page Layout container).

"Forum" is an object... which, if you are reading this you would obviously know, lets users submit posts and post replies.

"Shortcuts" are pointers to other objects that are displayed on the Page Layout they are located in. Usually these point to another article or forum from the English side of the VoxForge website.  You cannot change the object that the Shortcut points to, but you can "overwrite" some of its properties.  Using this feature you can overwrite the title (i.e. translate it to another language) of the object being pointed to.

Putting it all together:

Therefore, if an Article and a Shortcut to a Forum (or any other web object) are contained on a Page Layout, when you click the URL of the Page Layout, the content of the Article and the Shortcut will be displayed, in the same way images are displayed on a web page, even though the Article and the Shortcut are both uniquely addressable through their own URL.

Note: Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)

Web objects like Articles and Shortcuts can have their own css properties.  However, when these web objects are displayed on a Page Layout container object, the css of the Page Layout overrides the css of the contained object.  This is the opposite of how cascading style sheets normally work (where the most specific css entry overrides the general css entry).  The reason for this is that each object on a Page Layout has its own URL and can be displayed independently of the Page Layout.  Therefore such web objects require a style sheet to be displayed by itself.

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FTP Clients that are compatible with VoxForge Submission System

Cross-platform FTP client:

Linux:

Windows:

Mac

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How can I execute HTK or Julius commands from my Windows console?

You may want to have Julius and HTK included in your path environment variable.  This way you can execute Julius and/or HTK commands from your Windows console (note that you will not be able to execute bash or Perl scripting commands),

Step 1 - Update your path environment variable to include HTK and Julius

SystemProperties_EnviroVariables.jpg

SystemProperties_EditSysVariables.jpg

;c:\cygwin\HTK\htk-3.3-windows-binary\htk;C:\Cygwin\Julius\julius-3.5-win32bin\bin


Warning: be very careful here, you can cause serious problems with your system if you make a mistake. Don't overwrite or delete anything already there.  You are just adding directory entries for HTK and Julius to the end of your current path.

If you think you may have made an error, click the cancel button and restart. 

 

 

Step 2 - Testing Your HTK/Julius Install

if your system lists all the options available to the hvite command, then HTK is installed properly.
if your system displays version information for Julius, then Julius is installed properly;

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How do I Adjust my Microphone for Recording Speech?

If you have a headset microphone, this should be easy to do.  Your microphone should be a bit to the side and below your mouth (so the microphone won't pick-up your breathing), and no more than a half inch (1-2 cm) away. 

A standalone microphone makes recording a little more difficult.  It is very important to keep your mouth at the same distance from the microphone for the entire duration of the recording of one file.  The same applies to a handheld microphone, try to be consistent in the way you hold it when recording the prompts for one file.  It does not have to be the same distance from one file to another, but must be the same for the duration of one file.

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How do I install HTK on a 64 bit OS

To compile HTK on a 64 bit Fedora Core 4, I used the following commands:

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How do I Pronounce a Word I Don't Know?

There are a couple of approaches 

1. Use the VoxForge Dictionary:

If you are wondering about pronunciations, the VoxForge Dictionary might provide you with some indication as to the pronunciation.  For example, the word "etc" shows up as follows in the dictionary:

ETC             [ETC]           eh t s eh dx er ax
ETCETERA [ETCETERA] eh t s eh dx er ax

You really don't need to know how the phonemes are pronounced in this particular example, because you can see that 'ETC' and 'ETCETERA' contain the same phonemes, and therefore should be pronounced the same.

For other words you are not sure how to pronounce, you can look at their component phonemes and search for similar strings of phonemes until you find a word you know how to pronounce. 

For example, for the word "windward", you would look it up in the dictionary and find:

WINDWARD        [WINDWARD]      w ih n d w er d

You would then search for the string  "w er d" and find the word "word"

WORD            [WORD]          w er d 

So now you know you would pronounce the word windward as "wind" + "word". 

Note that this is not clearcut in all instances, because some dialects pronounce the "ward" in the word "windward" like the "ward" in the word "award", see this dictionary entry:

AWARD           [AWARD]         ax w ao r d

Therefore, it all depends on the target users of the speech recognition system and what their own particular dialect is.  And if we are targeting an Acoustic Model to this particular dialect, we might add an entry to the dictionary like this:

WINDWARD        [WINDWARD]      w ih n d w ao r d

But in the non-native speaker case, where you might not have any idea how to pronounce a word, the dictionary is a good start.

2. Listen to Someone Else's Audio 

Another approach might be to listen to the audio from someone else's submission to see how they pronounce it. 

3. Other Resources 

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How do I reactivate my VoxForge Account?

You should be able to reactive your account by performing the following steps
1. clicking Login from the top menu
2. click "click here to register"
3. click "i forgot my password"
4. enter your email address, click save
5. an email will be sent to you with a link (and a new password) to activate your account.

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How many times do I need to record a phoneme so that HTK can compile it to an Acoustic Model?

You need to record  a particular word from your Grammar more than once in order to create HMM statistical models that are robust enough to recognize your voice - more is better, 3 to 5 is the minimum required so that HTK will compile.

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How much speech do we need?

From Nsh's post:

Database size [...] is only one of the factors that affect accuracy, there are many others. And there is no direct dependency between size and accuracy. It's possible to have good accuracy with 70 hours, it's possible that with 10 thousands you'll have bigger error rate.

Here on page 13 you can find comparision of accuracy and database size

http://mi.eng.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/EARS/pubs/evermann_sttmay04.pdf

Basically the difference in accuracy between 400 hours and 2200 hours is 2%.

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How to compile Julius from source

Step 1 - Download Source Code

Create a new directory in your home directory called 'bin', it should have the following path (replace yourusername with the username you are using on your system):

Get the tarball of the most current version of the Julius source files.

and save it to your new bin directory.

Extract the file using:

this should create a julius-4.3.1 directory in your bin folder.

Step 2 - Compile & Install Julius

After unpacking the sources, open a command line terminal and go to the /hom/yourusername/bin/julius-4.3.1 directory where you downloaded your files. 

configure 

The default location for binaries is "/usr/local" which will put the tools in "/usr/local/bin".  You need to change this default location using the "./configure" script to specify where you want the binaries installed:

To compile Julius: 

$./configure --with-mictype=alsa --enable-setup=standard --prefix=~/bin/julius-4.3.1

(Note: ~/bin/julius-4.3.1 points to /home/yourusername/bin/julius-4.3.1)

This directs the make command to put all your binaries in the following folder:

To compile 32-bit Julius on a 64-bit computer: 

you will need the .686 version of alsa-lib as root:

# yum install alsa-lib-devel.i686

then add a flag before you run the Julius configure to tell your gcc compiler to compile 32-bit binaries:

$ CFLAGS=-m32  ./configure --with-mictype=alsa --enable-setup=standard --prefix=~/bin/julius-4.3.1 --host=i686-generic-linux-gnu

 

make 

To build the libraries and binaries, execute the following:

$make all

Running the following command will install them: 

$make install

Step 3 Update your User Path

To update your user path, you need to add the '$HOME/bin/julius-4.3.1/bin' path to your path variable.  To do this, edit your '.bash_profile' file in your home directory (in Fedora you need to show 'hidden files' in Nautilus - so you can display file names with a period in front of them) and add a colon (":") and this path to the end of the PATH variable (leaving the rest of it unchanged):

# User specific environment and startup programs
PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin/julius-4.3.1/bin

Log out and log back in to make your path change effective.

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How to Connect to VoxForge FTP Site using FireFTP

This how-to assumes you already have FireFTP installed in your FireFox browser.  You can download FireFTP from here (note: it requires Firefox 1.5 or greater). 

Using Right-click Menu

Connect to VoxForge FTP site from FireFTP

From FireFox:

FireFTP should appear in a new tab in your FireFox browser.

Inside the FireFTP tab: 

Click "Connect" (located next to drop down list of accounts) to make the actual connection to the VoxForge FTP site.

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How to convert HTK acoustic model to Sphinx

see Python HTK Converter

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How to Create a Quiet Environment for Recording Prompts?

Before you begin, you need to make sure that the room you are recording in is as quiet as possible.  You do not need an acoustically sound-proof room, but you need to make sure that, while you are recording, there are no external noises that your microphone might pick up and which may render you speech audio files unusable for Acoustic Model creation purposes.  Use common sense: you should not have any music in the background, no fans, air conditioners, microwaves, television, etc.  In addition, make sure you turn off you speakers while recording - to avoid acoustic feedback in your audio files.

This Discussion Thread provides more ideas.

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How to create tree.hed "questions"

Step 10 of the Voxforge Tutorial and Howto use a tree.hed script that contain "questions" are specific to the English language, and therefore will not work with other languages.

 

For more information on how to create a tree.hed file for a new language, see the following links:

See also the HTK manual

Theoretically, you should be able to automatically create questions using the CMU Robust Group Sphinx Tutorial.  These would be in Sphinx format, but could be used as a starting point for the creation of HTK questions for a tree.hed script.

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How to implement a continuous speech recognition using HTK's HDecode

From the HTK mailing list archives:

> Hi everyone,
>
> I am trying to implement a continuous speech recognition in Spanish 
> Language. I followed the indications to make the tri-gram language 
> model presented in the HTK book. I am using the HDecode tool. My 
> firsts results are very poor (WER >= 35%). So I tuned various 
> parameters in HDecode, but know I need to make tuning of the language 
> model parameter. Any user can help me in that? for example, what 
> parameter in the to language model generation are recommended to 
> continuous speech?

Did you try to follow htk wsj1 reciept? It has almost everything
required I think:

http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/kv227/htk/
http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/kv227/lm_giga/

with all beams used and lm factors. Though for really large vocabulary lm factor should be smaller (around 6-8).

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How to improve speech recognition accuracy

Nickolay (nsh) has written up an excellent overview on how to improve speech recognition using Sphinx: Speech Recognition With CMU Sphinx.

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How to Provide Feedback on a Submitted Audio File

Once you have posted some audio it will be posted on the Voxforge Listen page

Others may then download your submission and provide feedback on the recording.  This will help in classifying your speech audio submission for later merging into the VoxForge Acoustic Models. 

There are two ways to provide feedback for a submission:

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How to Receive Email Notification of a New Post on a Forum

To receive an email notification of any new user submissions to a forum:

Notes:

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how to remove Java applet from cache

Debugging Java applets in a Browser on Linux can be tricky because of the way Java caches them.  Therefore, if you change the applet, create a jar file, sign and then deploy it, if the jar file has the same name as the old version of your applet, the new version will not get picked up in your browser.

To fix this, you need to remove the old Java applet from your Java deployment cache (browsers do not control where Java applets are stored...). 

Linux:

If you are running Oracle JDK, you first need to open a Java Control Panel window using the jcontrol command:

    $/usr/java/latest/jre/bin/jcontrol

Windows:

Start>All Programs>Java>Configure Java


From the Java Control Panel:

Under Temporary Internet Files, click View...

Linux: From the Java Cache Viewer, right-click the name of the applet to remove, and click delete.

Windows: click Show: Resources; then right-click the name of the applet to remove, and click delete.

Close the window and you are done.

If you want to know where these Temporary Internet Files are stored, click the Settings... tab under Temporary Internet Files.  The default location for my version of linux (Fedora) is:

    /home/username/.java/deployment/cache

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How to Search HTK's email archives

HTK does not have a forum, but uses email lists:

You can get some very useful information by searching these archives here:

http://htk.eng.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search.cgi

(select: Search through: All mailing list archives)

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How-to modify the sound.properties file of your Java JRE - Linux

If you have an microphone jack on your motherboard (or are using an audio card), and you want to use a USB microphone, the Speech Submission applet will connect to your on-board microphone, and ignore you USB microphone (or only record at very low volumes).

This How-to shows you how to modify the sound.properties file of your Java JRE (Java-run-time Environment) so that you can change the default audio mixer from an on-board microphone to a different microphone (like a USB mic).

Use  arecord command to list the devices attached on your PC:

$ arecord --list-devices

**** List of CAPTURE Hardware Devices ****
card 0: NVidia [HDA NVidia], device 0: ALC883 Analog [ALC883 Analog]
  Subdevices: 1/1
  Subdevice #0: subdevice #0
card 0: NVidia [HDA NVidia], device 2: ALC883 Analog [ALC883 Analog]
  Subdevices: 1/1
  Subdevice #0: subdevice #0

One of the listed devices will be your USB device

Modify your sound.properties file using the output from arecord (quote taken from this post):

Note: With JDK 1.5, it is possible to use a sound.properties file in the JRE\lib directory of your JDK installation. This sound.properties file can be used to specify the default Mixer that will be used when AudioSystem.getLine() is called for the various type of Line. In my case, the sound.properties file contains:

javax.sound.sampled.Port=#Port SB Audigy Audio [C400]
javax.sound.sampled.Sourc#SB Audigy Audio [C400]
javax.sound.sampled.
TargetDataLine=#SB Audigy Audio [C400]

The mixer name is placed after the # sign. These are actually the defaults for my machine, so this file is not strictly necessary.

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How-to Rate an Audio Submission to VoxForge

VoxForge is not looking for TV or radio announcer quality voices (just listen to my voice recordings ...) or perfect audio quality. 

For Free and Open Source Speech Recognition to work, we need a large variety of speech (from different people, with different dialects/accents, and using different prompts files with various phonemes and triphones) recorded in a variety of environments (rooms with echo, such as hardwood floors or tiles, and rooms with no echo, such as carpet, etc.) and on a variety of recording equipment (headset mics, desktop mics, built in mics, and USB mics, integrated audio, audio cards ...). 

That is not to say that you should not try to minimize non-speech noise in your audio submissions, it just that the submissions we are looking for should reflect the environments where the acoustic model might be used for speech recognition.

Therefore, most audio submitted to the VoxForge site should receive a thumbs up.  This is because it takes some effort to create a recording (when you are first starting out), and new submitters should be encouraged, not discouraged.  A "thumbs up" rating would go a long way to encouraging submissions.

What should result in a thumbs down is when a transcription doesn't match its corresponding audio or when there is excessive background noise (i.e. non-speech noise or talking in the background).  What is "excessive noise" is subjective, since the Acoustic Model creation process can tolerate some low level hiss and/or hum (usually heard in quiet periods of some recordings).  But if enough people submit their rating of a submission, on average we should get a good view of the quality of a recording for use in the creation of acoustic models.

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HTK ERROR MESSAGES

See this post: UNDERSTANDING HTK ERROR MESSAGES

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HTK training recipes for Timit corpus

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HVite error: HMM Def Error: Regression Tree definition expected

Full error message:
HMM Def Error: Regression Tree definition expected at line 34/col 10/char 1507 in hmmAdapt/hmmdefs
  ERROR [+7050]  HMError:
  ERROR [+7035]  LoadAllMacros: Get macro data failed in MMF hmmAdapt/hmmdefs
  ERROR [+7050]  LoadHMMSet: Macro name expected
  ERROR [+3228]  Initialise: LoadHMMSet failed
 FATAL ERROR - Terminating program HVite

Fix: 

run HTK 3.2.1 version of HVite

this error occurs when you have an Acoustic Model you adapted with HTK version 3.2.1, but then try to run it against HVite version 3.3

See Ticket #55 

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